Warehouse Pallet Rack Guide: Dimensions, Specifications & Safety

Are you trying to determine how to buy the optimal pallet racking system for your warehouse, distribution center, manufacturing plant, or storage facility? It's not always an easy task, and there are several things you should consider before making a big purchase. It's important to plan certain things ahead of time, such as:

• Rack types
• Usability
• Dimensions
• Components
• Accessories
• Wire decking

Pallet racks are material handling storage systems that keep palletized products organized within warehouses. When used correctly, they increase warehouse storage density by enabling you to put as many pallets into a single place as possible, while maintaining ease-of-access to the items stored on them. Warehouse1 offers a large selection of racks, so you can easily find options that meet your business needs and requirements.

Common Pallet Rack Types

Most warehouses utilize racking systems to maximize available storage and floor space, the most popular type of selective rack being teardrop pallet racks. Within the category of pallet racks, there are a number of different systems to choose from, depending on the size of your space, the specific layout, and the items you'll be storing. The following are a few common types:

Selective Rack

Selective pallet racks are the most popular types of warehouse racking. Horizontal load beams connect to vertical uprights to provide storage space and structural support. The open design enables pickers to access any pallet at any time.

Drive-In Racking

Drive-in racks maximize the warehouse ground space by utilizing a LIFO (last-in, first-out) approach. These racks don’t require as many aisles as other options, but they’re able to deliver the same storage capacity. They're designed to allow forklifts to easily navigate the aisles so they can continue stacking and adding more pallets.

Pushback Racking

Pushback racks provide high density pallet storage while also incorporate a LIFO (last-in, first-out) rotation. Pallets are placed on a cart in a storage bay. When a picker places another pallet, the first one "pushes back" deeper into the system. 

Pallet Flow Racking

Pallet flow racking is usually ideal for storage loads that are dense and heavy and have numerous order picking sections. These racks employ the FIFO (first -in, first-out) loading system, ensuring products are continually rotated.

Carton Flow Racking

Carton flow racks also offer a FIFO approach to the inventory. These systems utilize rear-load designs that enable easy operation and management of inventory. Unlike pallet flow racks, this system is designed for hand picking and stocking boxes and cartons in stead of palletized loads.

Wire Decks, Beam Capacity & Load Distribution

When determining how a pallet rack will be loaded, there are more considerations than just weight and rack structure. The specifications of the load (dimensions, shape, size, and density) must also be taken into consideration. ANSI 26.2 and other universally accepted load distribution regulations have been put into place to ensure "any static load which is evenly distributed over the entire surface on the rack deck [is] independent of the support system."

When selecting the right wire deck for your specific project, it is essential to know not only the weight, but also the type of load. Loads could vary from wood or plastic pallets, Gaylord boxes, hand stack application, furniture, or any number of other possibilities. Local fire codes should also be considered.

Types of Load Distribution

When purchasing decking for your pallet rack system, there are different types of load distribution which should be considered, based upon your specific requirement.

Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)

A UDL is a load that's distributed evenly across the whole region of a beam or slab. The load remains uniform throughout the element. This is the safest type of load distribution and recommended for pallet storage.

Line Load

Line load refers to any static load that distributes its weight in a concentrated line.

Concentrated Load

Any load that's not uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the decking section is converted to a concentrated load. In these cases, the weight of the pallet is placed at the center of the deck, and the entire load is supported by channels that leave the outer support beams untouched. Warehouse1 cautions against storing loads in this manner unless storing light weight products.

Point Load

A point load is defined as any load that has a concentrated weight that rests on individual points. An example would be a five-point pallet that's resting on a four-foot deck; the points of the pallet are specifically placed in a way that distributes the weight where it needs to be.

Other Common Pallet Rack Accessories

When it comes to creating the optimal inventory storage and management system, you'll also want to consider rack accessories you may need, such as the following:

Column Guards

Column guards, also known as post protectors, are protective barriers that are installed around upright posts. They serve to minimize damage if forklifts collide with the columns.

Floor Shims

Floor shims are important because they enable uprights to be leveled out on uneven floors.

Fork Bars

Fork bars give you the ability to load and unload non-palletized storage products with a forklift. Fork bars are often called forklift clearance bars or fork clearance bars.

Load Stops

Load stops are used to prevent pallets from falling over the backside of the racks they're stacked onto, keeping inventory from getting damaged. Load stops are brackets that attach to the beams.

Rack Backs & Safety Netting

Rack backs and safety netting are used to both increase employee safety and protect inventory. They work by preventing material from falling off the racks. They're commonly installed along the backside of racks in areas along the main aisles.

Row Spacers

Row spacers create consistent spacing for back-to-back racking while providing greater stability to the system and creating an all-around safer work environment.

Pallet Supports

Pallet supports are a must-have accessory if you have pallets that are not deep enough for your current setup. They add greater flexibility to vertical rack systems so you can accommodate products that vary extensively in size.

Wall Ties

Wall ties are easily installed and help steady pallet racks that would otherwise be standalone systems. Wall ties join the rack to the adjacent wall, increasing stability of the overall structure.

Specialty Racks

Cantilever Rack

Cantilever racking is a storage system that's designed to store long, awkward, or bulky materials. These systems consist of upright columns, which connect to the base and have holes in which the cantilever arms are connected to create the storage levels.

Bar Storage Rack

Bar storage racks, also known as bar racks, come in both vertical and horizontal designs. They're great for storing bar stock, pipe, or tubing quickly and efficiently.

Barrel Rack

Storage of wine, whiskey, and vodka casks isn't so easy on standard pallet racks, which is why barrel racks were invented. Barrel racks enable you to fully utilize your vertical space and achieve greater selectivity for picking each barrel individually.

Reel Rack

Reel racks are useful for storing and dispensing wire, rope, hose, electrical cable, and chains. 

Roll Out Shelf Rack

Roll out shelf racks make it easy for you to load and unload shelves because the shelving units are mobile and accessible. They are useful for storing tools and any item that requires quick, easy access.

Stack Racks

Stack racks are useful in storing, transporting, and stacking materials. They're accessible by fork trucks from four sides and can stack up to four racks high.

Steel Stacks

Steel stacks are useful for holding bar stock, pipes, tubing, specialty lumber, and various parts. They can also be stacked up to four high.

U-Racks

U-racks are used to place bar and pipe stock by providing a modular, low-cost storage option.

Vertical Storage Racks

Vertical storage racks are great for storing sheet material, plates, panels, and other on-edge elements. They can store up to 12'- and 6'-wide materials.

Storing Difficult, Bulky & Long Loads

Not all materials fit into the storage options we've listed so far - this includes items such as rolls, reels, and other spooling loads. The right equipment will enable you to store this type of material on heavy duty racks. It may require special reel pockets and placement devices, but Warehouse1 has you covered in those areas. Rolled items can easily be dispensed when you have the right pallet equipment, but you need to understand their capacities. 

Long-item storage can also be a difficult item to handle. Many long items can be stored on cantilevers instead of racks. Pallet racks could be a better option, depending on the storage strategy of your facility. It also depends on what's being stored. For example, long rolls of film or fabric can't be stored on cantilever arms because the arm could dent the fragile materials; in this case, full support is needed, which is where a pallet racking system comes in.

Pallet Rack Tips

Loading and Unloading Tall Racks

Loading and retrieving pallets is difficult because forklift drivers can't see the load or the rack beam. Here are a few tips to help ensure the safety of your team:

• Load the rack with adequate clearance
• Add technology to help drivers see
• Install product/pallet fall-protection systems

How to Inspect Pallet Racks

To prevent unexpected injuries, it's important to regularly examine your pallet racks for damaged components, split welds, corrosion, and indentations. Racks need to be straight, within plumb ratio regulations, and should be bolted to the floor to achieve their full capacity. Also, be sure to check the following elements:

• Rack upright frames and base plates
• Load beams
• Deformed struts or braces
• Rack environment and usage

OSHA Regulations

There are two primary federal OSHA regulations applicable to storage racks: 1910.176(b) and 1910.159. The former states that stored items must be secured. While it doesn't necessarily address racking, it does generally state that materials must be stacked properly to keep materials from falling over or collapsing. The latter deals with the height of any storage materials in relation to fire sprinklers. Racked materials must be at least 18 inches from sprinkler systems.

Flue Space & Fi​​​​re Prevention

Flue spaces are unobstructed vertical sightlines that exist between the floor and ceiling within rack storage areas. Flue space allows heat from a fire to vent upward so it can properly activate sprinkler systems, preventing fires from spreading across entire warehouses. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 13 shows the results of several tests that point to the dangers that occur when flue spaces are blocked. Pallet straps, netting, and pallet load stop beams can all help prevent obstructions to flue spaces.

Fire suppression systems affect rack structure design and geometry, so your system must be carefully planned for safety. 

The Warehouse1 Way

It's important to have the right pallet rack system and dimensions planned out in advance. Knowing what you need the storage equipment for—and how you'll be using it—will help ensure you have the proper equipment for your unique needs. We invite you to shop Warehouse1's selection of pallet racks today! If you need help figuring out where to go from here, check out our layout checklist, as well as our layout design and warehouse relocation services. We look forward to helping you find the right storage solution for your facility!